Diseño de un humedal artificial a escala piloto de alta eficiencia en la remoción de DBO, DQO y Coliformes para la zona sur de Lima Metropolitana
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Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología
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La capacidad de dilución por parte del mar ha sido históricamente sobrestimada como mecanismo principal de mitigación de contaminantes. Si bien es cierto que existe dispersión en el fondo marino, los estudios de modelamiento hidrodinámico realizados mediante el programa CORMIX para las descargas de las PTAR La Chira y Taboada han evidenciado que parámetros como la Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno (DBO), la Demanda Química de Oxígeno (DQO) y los coliformes siguen siendo una amenaza para la biodiversidad marina, especialmente cuando la carga contaminante excede la capacidad de autorregulación del cuerpo receptor. Con el fin de apoyar la dilución natural del medio receptor, esta investigación propone un sistema de fitorremediación a través de humedales artificiales de flujo horizontal subsuperficial, enfocado en la reducción de estos tres contaminantes clave. Para ello, se seleccionaron especies vegetales con capacidad de depuración, recolectadas desde viveros certificados, y se diseñó un humedal a escala reducida utilizando materiales orgánicos y parámetros hidráulicos básicos, con el objetivo de replicar condiciones de operación real a pequeña escala. Durante la etapa inicial, el humedal fue alimentado con agua potable para permitir el desarrollo adecuado del sistema radicular, y posteriormente, se introdujo de manera gradual el efluente proveniente de la PTAR La Chira, tras un periodo de adaptación microbiológica del sistema. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron una remoción significativa de DBO, DQO y coliformes. Sin embargo, dado que el ensayo se desarrolló en condiciones controladas y corresponde a una única ejecución, no es posible afirmar de forma concluyente la eficiencia global del sistema. Aun así, se reconoce el potencial de los humedales artificiales como una alternativa sostenible y de bajo costo para complementar el tratamiento convencional, sobre todo en lo referido a la reducción de coliformes, por tratarse de organismos más susceptibles al tratamiento natural y por su elevada incidencia en el impacto sanitario y ambiental de los vertimientos al mar.
The dilution capacity of the sea has historically been overestimated as the primary mechanism for contaminant mitigation. While some dispersion does occur on the seafloor, hydrodynamic modeling conducted using the CORMIX program for the discharges of the La Chira and Taboada wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has demonstrated that parameters such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and coliforms remain a significant threat to marine biodiversity, particularly when the pollutant load exceeds the self-purification capacity of the receiving body. To support the natural dilution provided by the marine environment, this research proposes a phytoremediation system based on horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands, aimed at reducing these three key pollutants. Plant species with contaminantremoval capacity were selected from certified nurseries, and a small-scale wetland prototype was designed using organic materials and basic hydraulic parameters to replicate realistic operational conditions. During the initial phase, the wetland was fed with potable water to allow proper root development, and subsequently, real effluent from the La Chira WWTP was gradually introduced following a biological adaptation period. The results obtained showed significant removal of BOD, COD, and coliforms. However, since the experiment was conducted under controlled conditions and involved only a single trial, it is not possible to definitively affirm the overall efficiency of the system. Nevertheless, the potential of constructed wetlands is recognized as a sustainable, low-cost alternative to complement conventional treatment methods—especially in the reduction of coliforms, due to their greater susceptibility to natural treatment and their high impact on the sanitary and environmental quality of marine discharges.
The dilution capacity of the sea has historically been overestimated as the primary mechanism for contaminant mitigation. While some dispersion does occur on the seafloor, hydrodynamic modeling conducted using the CORMIX program for the discharges of the La Chira and Taboada wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has demonstrated that parameters such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and coliforms remain a significant threat to marine biodiversity, particularly when the pollutant load exceeds the self-purification capacity of the receiving body. To support the natural dilution provided by the marine environment, this research proposes a phytoremediation system based on horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands, aimed at reducing these three key pollutants. Plant species with contaminantremoval capacity were selected from certified nurseries, and a small-scale wetland prototype was designed using organic materials and basic hydraulic parameters to replicate realistic operational conditions. During the initial phase, the wetland was fed with potable water to allow proper root development, and subsequently, real effluent from the La Chira WWTP was gradually introduced following a biological adaptation period. The results obtained showed significant removal of BOD, COD, and coliforms. However, since the experiment was conducted under controlled conditions and involved only a single trial, it is not possible to definitively affirm the overall efficiency of the system. Nevertheless, the potential of constructed wetlands is recognized as a sustainable, low-cost alternative to complement conventional treatment methods—especially in the reduction of coliforms, due to their greater susceptibility to natural treatment and their high impact on the sanitary and environmental quality of marine discharges.
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Tineo Capcha, A. A. (2025). Diseño de un humedal artificial a escala piloto de alta eficiencia en la remoción de DBO, DQO y Coliformes para la zona sur de Lima Metropolitana [Tesis de Título Profesional, Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología]. Repositorio Institucional UTEC. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12815/505
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