Sistema de encriptación AES a nivel de archivos basado en FPGA y llave física no remanente
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Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología
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La confidencialidad de los archivos digitales puede verse comprometida incluso cuando se emplean algoritmos de cifrado robustos, debido a vulnerabilidades ante ataques por canales laterales (Side-Channel) en sus implementaciones. Los métodos tradicionales de cifrado a nivel de archivo (FLE) suelen almacenar la llave localmente o gestionarla desde la computadora, exponiéndola a riesgos de recuperación mediante análisis de memoria, inyección de fallos o análisis de consumo de potencia. En este trabajo se diseña e implementa un sistema portátil de encriptación basado en FPGA, capaz de realizar cifrado y descifrado a nivel de archivo utilizando el algoritmo AES-256. El sistema integra un teclado físico para el ingreso de la llave, la cual se almacena en memoria volátil (BRAM), evitando la remanencia de la llave tras apagarse. La comunicación con la computadora se realiza mediante un puente USB-UART y un software desarrollado en Python para la transmisión de bloques de datos. Los resultados experimentales demostraron el correcto funcionamiento del módulo AES y la integridad de archivos de distintos formatos tras su cifrado y descifrado. El sistema fue implementado en un FPGA Spartan-7, utilizando 5584 LUTs (38.25 % de su capacidad total) y presentando un consumo de potencia de 0.082 W. El rendimiento promedio obtenido fue de 16.3 ms por bloque de 128 bits. La solución elimina la exposición de la llave a la computadora, incrementando la seguridad frente a ataques por software y físicos. Se presentan recomendaciones para escalar el sistema hacia mayores velocidades e incorporar funcionalidades orientadas a aplicaciones industriales.
The confidentiality of digital files can be compromised even when robust encryption algorithms are applied, due to vulnerabilities to side-channel attacks in their implementations. Traditional file-level encryption (FLE) methods typically store the key locally or manage it from the computer, exposing it to risks of recovery through memory analysis, fault injection, or power consumption analysis. In this work, a portable FPGA-based encryption system is designed and implemented, capable of performing file-level encryption and decryption using the AES-256 encryption algorithm. The system integrates a physical keyboard for key entry, which is stored in volatile memory (BRAM), ensuring that no key remnants remain after shutdown. Communication with the computer is carried out via a USB–UART bridge and a data management software developed in Python for the transmission of data blocks. The experimental results demonstrated the correct functioning of the AES module, as well as the integrity of files in different formats after encryption and decryption. The system was implemented on a Spartan-7 FPGA using 5584 LUTs (38.25 % of its total capacity) and approximately 0.082 W of power. The average performance obtained was 16.3 ms per 128-bit block. This system eliminates key exposure to the computer, increasing security against software and physical attacks, as there is no key remanence. Recommendations are also presented for scaling the solution to high-speed USB interfaces and improved functionalities for industrial use.
The confidentiality of digital files can be compromised even when robust encryption algorithms are applied, due to vulnerabilities to side-channel attacks in their implementations. Traditional file-level encryption (FLE) methods typically store the key locally or manage it from the computer, exposing it to risks of recovery through memory analysis, fault injection, or power consumption analysis. In this work, a portable FPGA-based encryption system is designed and implemented, capable of performing file-level encryption and decryption using the AES-256 encryption algorithm. The system integrates a physical keyboard for key entry, which is stored in volatile memory (BRAM), ensuring that no key remnants remain after shutdown. Communication with the computer is carried out via a USB–UART bridge and a data management software developed in Python for the transmission of data blocks. The experimental results demonstrated the correct functioning of the AES module, as well as the integrity of files in different formats after encryption and decryption. The system was implemented on a Spartan-7 FPGA using 5584 LUTs (38.25 % of its total capacity) and approximately 0.082 W of power. The average performance obtained was 16.3 ms per 128-bit block. This system eliminates key exposure to the computer, increasing security against software and physical attacks, as there is no key remanence. Recommendations are also presented for scaling the solution to high-speed USB interfaces and improved functionalities for industrial use.
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Peñaflor Peña, D. S. (2026). Sistema de encriptación AES a nivel de archivos basado en FPGA y llave física no remanente [Tesis de Título Profesional, Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología]. Repositorio Institucional UTEC. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12815/571
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